NOAA & Meteor APT and LRPT RECEPTION

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“It pays to keep an open mind, but not so open your brains fall out.”
― Carl Sagan

Receiving NOAA APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) and Meteor M2-3 LRPT Satellite Imagery.

NOTE this Page has been updated as of 06/30/2023 to reflect that Meteor M N0. 2-3 is in Orbit and is transmitting on LRPT and HRPT

Table of contents

Automatic Picture Transmission

Technical Description of my Automated Weather Satellite Image Acquisition System™ (AWSIAS™)

This document details the configuration and operation of an automated system for acquiring meteorological imagery from polar-orbiting weather satellites. The system leverages legacy Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) signals from NOAA satellites and Low/High Rate Picture Transmission (LRPT/HRPT) signals from the Russian Meteor-M series.

System Overview:

The system is designed for continuous, unattended operation, enabling the acquisition of localized meteorological data at least twice daily per satellite pass. The system currently receives data from the following satellites:

  • NOAA-15 (APT)
  • NOAA-18 (APT)
  • NOAA-19 (APT)
  • Meteor-M 2-3 (LRPT/HRPT)
  • Meteor-M 2-4 (LRPT/HRPT)

Note: Meteor-M 2-2 is currently experiencing an anomaly and is not transmitting APT; only HRPT reception is possible.

Automated Operation:

The system is configured for 24/7 operation, with automated capture routines for both NOAA and Meteor-M satellite passes. Minimal user intervention is required, primarily for system monitoring. Remote system management is achieved via Google Remote Desktop, enabling control from a desktop computer or a smartphone.

Hardware Specifications:

  • Processing Unit: Micro desktop computer running Windows 10 64-bit, equipped with a 3.20 GHz processor and 4 GB of RAM.
  • Power Supply: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for continuous operation during power outages.
  • RF Reception: Nooelec SmarteeXTR Software Defined Radio (RTL-SDR) dongles and Sawbird for NOAA (non ‘+’ version) LNA

Signal Transmission Types

  • APT (Automatic Picture Transmission): An analog image transmission system used by NOAA satellites, operating in the VHF band.
  • LRPT (Low Rate Picture Transmission): A digital image transmission system used by Meteor-M satellites, offering higher resolution than APT.
  • HRPT (High Rate Picture Transmission): A digital image transmission system used by Meteor-M satellites, offering a significantly higher resolution than LRPT or APT.

Looking for hardware recommendations?? Have a look here at my Tried and Tested hardware – SDR’s Pi’s, Connectors, Antenna’s, and more.

For APT and LRPT Imagery hardware, I use a Nooelec SmarteeXTR dongle and/or a RTL-SDR Blog V3 dongle.  (Note the RTL-SDR Blog site is overflowing with useful information).  I also use a Nooelec Sawbird LNA for NOAA APT (LNA Low Noise Amplifier, in this case, tuned to 137 Mhz).  See my system diagram here.

Current Radio System Diagram
QFh Antenna
QFH Antenna

My Antenna System for Satellite Signal Reception

A Quadrifilar Helix (QFH) antenna, constructed from readily available plumbing components, has been built and implemented for optimal reception of signals from orbiting satellites. The QFH design addresses the challenge of polarization variance inherent in satellite communications.

Polarization Considerations:

Optimal antenna performance is contingent upon polarization matching between the transmitting and receiving antennas. As a satellite traverses its orbital path, the relative polarization between the satellite and a fixed ground-based antenna changes due to the satellite’s changing orientation. The QFH antenna mitigates this issue by providing consistent polarization characteristics across a wide range of incident signal angles.

Doppler Shift Compensation:

To compensate for the Doppler shift induced by the high velocity of the orbiting satellites (approximately 27,358 km/h), the Oribtron software dynamically adjusts the receiver frequency of the Software Defined Radio (SDR#). This adjustment ensures accurate signal reception throughout the satellite pass.

How to build a QFH Antenna

I have a build sheet PDF here  I have modified it with the original author’s permission.  I use commonly available RG6 Quad shield cable for the antenna to RTL-SDR.

My QFH Antenna built from the plans above.
I use the Following FREE Software: (all links open in  a new tab)
  • Track Satellites and Control SDR# with Orbitron
    • Orbitron is a software designed for both satellite tracking and SDR# control. It allows you to:
      • Track Satellites: Visualize the real-time or simulated positions of satellites as they orbit Earth.
      • Control SDR# During Passes: Orbitron can automate tasks in SDR# software when a satellite is within range (during a pass). This involves triggering recordings or adjusting settings for optimal reception.
      • Orbitron software available here: Orbitron
  • WxtoImg – For decoding and generating imagery from NOAA APT satellites (All NOAA APT pic start out as B/W, WxtoImg generates the false colors. It is available here: WxtoImg
  • MeteorGIS – MeteorGIS is an outstanding free program for georeferencing images transmitted by the Russian weather satellite Meteor M 2-3 It is available here: MeteorGIS
  • Low Rate Picture Decoder for decoding Meteor Imagery It is available here (this is a direct zip download)  LRPT Decoder V 59 https://usradioguy.com/software/LRPT_Decoder_v59.zip NEW VERSION
  • Satdump Satdump is a multi tool for satellite work, works very well and can decode many Satellites
  • SDR# – SDR Sharp, the de facto standard free SDR# software for signal acquisition, analysis, and demodulation.  It is available here: SDR# (Note: there are many SDR software out there.)
    I also utilize the following plugins necessary to track and demodulate the signals received by SDR#
  • Meteor Demodulator Plugin v2.3
  • DDE Tracking Client v1.2
  • VB-Cable: A Virtual Audio Bridge
    • VB-Cable acts as a virtual audio device, essentially creating a digital cable within your computer. Any audio sent to the CABLE input is seamlessly forwarded to the CABLE output. This makes it ideal for situations where you need to route audio between applications that don’t normally interact directly.
    • For example, VB-Cable can be used to pipe the audio signal from SDR# (a software-defined radio program) to WxtoImg (an image processing application).
    • It can be downloaded here: VBCable
  • Smooth Meteor – for color correcting and rectifying (correcting shape) of Meteor Imagery. It is available here: Smooth Meteor
  • LRPT Image Processor – another Meteor image processor It is available here:  LRPT Image Processor
  • MeteorGIS 2.25 MeteorGIS is a free program for referencing images sent by the Russian weather satellite Meteor M No. 2-3 More info at bottom of this page as well. MeteorGIS official page
  • I also use an image processor to help colorize and add my particular label to generated images, I use Photoshop Elements, but others will work if needed.

Automated Satellite Data Processing Workflow

The system employs a multi-stage automated workflow for processing meteorological satellite data.

Satellite Tracking and Signal Acquisition:

  • Orbitron software provides real-time satellite tracking and predicts satellite passes based on user-defined parameters.
  • Upon detection of a target satellite within the specified parameters, Orbitron initiates DDE Tracker, which, in turn, launches SDR# (Software Defined Radio).
  • Orbitron then transmits pre-configured commands to SDR# to control the receiver frequency and other relevant parameters.

NOAA Satellite Data Processing (APT):

  • For NOAA satellites transmitting APT signals, the audio output from SDR# is routed via VB-Cable (Virtual Audio Cable) to WXtoImg software.
  • WXtoImg demodulates the audio signal and generates corresponding image(s).

Meteor Satellite Data Processing (LRPT/HRPT):

For Meteor satellites transmitting OQPSK modulated LRPT/HRPT signals, the Meteor Demodulator software demodulates the signal stream.

  • The demodulated data is transmitted via TCP to MeteorGIS.
  • MeteorGIS triggers the LRPT Decoder when valid data is received.
  • The LRPT Decoder reconstructs the image line-by-line from the received data channels, which can vary.
  • MeteorGIS then combines the reconstructed image channels into user-defined formats.
  • MeteorGIS overlays the generated images onto a map, incorporating additional data layers such as precipitation and false color composites.

Additionally, the outputted Meteor files (the .s files) are automatically processed by satdump and Meteordemod.

GUIDES There are many, many, many helpful guides out there:
GROUPS

You may feel slightly or totally OVERWHELMED when trying to set up and dial in your system. Don’t fret, there are some great online groups I would definitely encourage you to join.

WxtoImg Documentation

Some useful documents and tools for using the WXtoImg Software (compiled from the original WXtoImg site and re-edited).

Use the imagery to predict the weather

Now that you are receiving weather satellites, such as NOAA 118,19, METEOR-M, and the like. Take the next step and use them like a meteorologist! Have a look at his site by Jacopo Cassinis
https://www.a-centauri.com/articoli/weather-predictions-from-satellite-data and take a look at all his other information as well!

HELPFUL HINTS
Here are some helpful hints that I have found useful.

  • Backup your config and bat files, ESPECIALLY when upgrading software packages to a new or beta version.
Remote access via smartphone

I added my WxtoImg, Orbitron, and SDR# to my Windows Startup directory, that way if the system crashes, or reboots, the software will load and continue to run automatically. Synch your PC time frequently, or get some software that will do it automatically. If you look elsewhere on my other sites, such as my Radio Restoration Page you’ll see my radio room is pretty cramped.  It’s also on the second floor of my house.  I have all my RTL-SDR radios and computers up there. BUT I rarely even go up there.  I have found that for me, using Google Remote Desktop is just the ticket. I can run all my computers on the second floor, remotely from my comfortable office and computer on the first floor. I can also run any of them from my Note 9 Smartphone with the Google Remote app!

Sometimes the satellites break or fight each other…

UPDATE 1/23/2023 Unfortunately it appears that Meteor M2 permanently failed on 24 December 2022. Problems with the Meteor M2 satellite losing orientation stability have occurred several times in the past, and have always been fixed within a few days after the event. This does not appear to be the case now.

Yes, not everything works all the time, and satellites break and die. Sometimes part of the satellite breaks and the other parts keep chugging away (Meteor Mn2-2 Got hit with a micrometeorite knocking APT out completely, and causing major issues with the rest of the systems) Here is a link to check the status of Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) spacecraft status POES Operational Status – POES Status – OSPO.
As for fighting, it kind of is true. Space is big, but not that big, and satellites very frequently overlap each other. Just when you think you’re going to get a nice pass of NOAA 19, Meteor M2 (on the same frequency) can be overhead as well and hijack your signal! Or all four sats might be over your location at the same time (within a few thousand miles of each other). Watch your passes in Orbitron and at least once a month you’ll see some issue of timing and overlap.

My SDR# and WxtoImg Settings
NOTE: These work for me on my system, to capture both NOAA satellites and Meteor Satellites, You may have need of different settings.

SDR# SettingsWXtoImg Settings
SDR# Settings
Sampling Mode – Quadrature Sampling
Device Sampling Rate – 0.90001 MSPS
Decimation – noneRadio – WFM
Bandwidth – 41,000
Order – 500
Correct IQ is checked ✔
I do not use any filters or Noise reduction plugins
Example of Tracking DDE Client plugin Settings for NOAA_18
AOS
radio_Start
radio_modulation_type<wfm>
radio_frequency_Hz<137912500>  You would, of course, need to change this for the respective satellite
radio_bandwidth_Hz<41000>
radio_tracking_frequency_On
LOS
radio_Stop

There are many options- this is what I have checked:Under Options:
I have these checked ✔
✔ Disable auto-decode
✔ Crop Telemetry
✔ ResynchSensor Illumination – VIS
Noise Filter – 5×5 Gausian Medium
Despeckle – 2.0
Contrast – Hist Eq
Illumination Compensation – None
Gamma – 1.4
Sharpen – 0.6Under Projection:
✔ NormalUnder Satellite:
✔Autodetect APTUnder Direction:
✔Autodetect       

World Clock


Building Wide Area Composites with WXtoImg

Global Composite


Thanks to Jeff Kelly (New Jersey, US), Mike Kimzey (Philadelphia, US), David Kunz (San Francisco, US), Cornelius Danielsen (Norway), Alan Hinton (UK), Michael Sørensen (Denmark), and Hans-Juergen Luethje (Germany) who provided the pristine images on their websites to create this wide-area Multi-Spectral Analysis image.WXtoImg has the ability to combine images from multiple ground stations into very wide-area composite images. With images from enough ground stations, it would be possible to produce an image that covered the globe. Pristine images, available on many websites, and raw images can be downloaded and processed by WXtoImg almost identically to locally recorded images. By obtaining pristine or raw images from other WXtoImg sites, it is possible to create composite images that cover a much wider area than a single ground station could cover.

  • You’ll need a registered version of WXtoImg, and version 2.10.6 or later to perform this task.
    • NOTE: Be sure your TLE’s are current, and your computer time is synched!
  • Firstly, in Options -> Projection Options you’ll need to set the following:
    • Reference Latitude: in general, should be set to a latitude that is within the north and south boundaries below
    • Reference Longitude: this must be set to a longitude within the west and east boundaries below (use something near the middle if in doubt)
    • North Boundary (latitude): The northern latitude limit of the projection (use negative numbers for degrees south)
    • South Boundary (latitude): The southern latitude limit of the projection (use negative numbers for degrees south)
    • West Boundary (longitude): The western longitude limit of the projection (use negative numbers for degrees west)
    • East Boundary (longitude): The eastern longitude limit of the projection (use negative numbers for degrees west)
    • Scale: Images can get very large, using a scale of about 1.0 will preserve most of the detail, but using a scale of 0.8 or 0.5 or even 0.25 is not unreasonable, alternatively you can set the width of the desired image in pixels (e.g. 1024)
  • Select Options -> Save Options. Note that these projection boundaries won’t affect WXtoImg’s production of composite images during auto processing.
  • Set Projection to Eckert IV or Eckert VI or Mercator. Some projections like Orthographic produce very curved and distorted images when the composite image gets very wide.
  • It is a good idea to set Contrast to none or Linear (constant) and Illumination Compensation to Full so that the images will blend together nicely.
  • Set Enhancement to whatever you like (except Pristine).
  • Now build the wide-area composite image by opening pristine (or raw images) using File -> Open Raw Image. (You can also open your own audio files for this step.) A large image will be created, mostly black.
  • Choose File -> Composite image to… and save this. It is preferable to use a PNG extension if you plan to put together more than about 8 images. Using a ..JPG extension is less desirable because JPEG images are lossy and the loss increases each time you add an image.
  • Repeat steps 6 and 7, compositing the image to the same file you chose the first time you performed step 7. Note that you will be prompted if you want to replace the image, choose OK, it won’t replace your composite image, just merge the new image into it.
  • To view your composite image, select File -> View Image and select the file you created (or look in the Composites tab).
  • You can increase the contrast in the final image (you’ll likely want to do this if you selected none for Contrast in step 4), by selecting Histogram to equalize Image from the Image menu (and saving the resulting image.) Alternatively, you could select Increase Contrast from the Image menu several times.
North American Wide Area Composite

SITES WITH WXtoIMG decoded IMAGES

Updated 03-29-2025 (Please note that these sites are operated by individuals and may be running or down, or offline for repairs or upgrades.)

If you are interested in sharing your WXtoImg website, send me the link and I will post it here – email to creinemann@gmail.com

Pristine images may be downloaded and processed by WXtoImg nearly identically to locally made recordings. Using multiple sites, they can be used to generate wide-area composite images as shown above. To process a pristine image, simply download the full-size image and open using (File -> Open Raw Image) in WXtoImg.

North AmericaCentral & South AmericaEuropeAfrica/Indian OceanAsiaAustralia/Pacific
Jefferson, WI, USAColon PanamaFerndown, Dorset, UKSaint-denis, ReunionKochi, Japan
San Francisco, CA, USAWarsaw, PolandQuatre Bornes, Mauritius
Atlanta, GA, USAChiny, Belgium
Wausau, WI, USAQUINGENTOLE, ITALIA
Port Alberni, BC, CanadaTrebes, FRANCE
Savanna, IL USANorthampton, United Kingdom
Colebrook, United StatesEichstaett, Deutschland
Seiling, United StatesDarwen, United Kingdom
Plymouth, MA., USASouth Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Sebastopol, USAMiribel, FRANCE
Bosany, Slovakia
Hannover, Germany
Wales, United Kingdom


Contact me to have your site included.

Sites that have not had ANY updated images within the past year, or have since been deactivated have been removed.

Meteor Satellites

The Meteor-M N2-3 (Launched on June 27, 2023)and Meteor-M N2-4 are polar-orbiting Russian weather satellites , like its’ predecessors M2 and M2-2. Their main missions are weather forecasting, climate change monitoring, seawater monitoring/forecasting, and space weather analysis/prediction.

Meteor M2 has been silent on APT since mid-December 24, 2022, as of 1/09/2023 it still has not been recovered, even though ground controllers have tried 11 times since the first of the year Unfortunately it appears that Meteor M2 has permanently failed on 24 December 2022. Problems with the Meteor M2 satellite losing orientation stability have occurred several times in the past, and have always been fixed within a few days after the event.
Meteor M N2-2 (Launched on July 5, 2019 -Unfortunately Meteor M2-2 suffered a possible collision in orbit on 12/18/2019, and as of this writing looks to be permanently offline for LRPT APT – HRPT receiving is still available but requires a different setup)

Meteor-M No. 2-3 and M2-4  transmit images using the digital LRPT protocol at or 137.1 MHz or137.9MHz (That Frequency can Change!!) and can be received with an SDR and proper antenna such as a v dipole or QFH


Example of one of my Meteor Captures:

Here’s a very unique capture, While the Satellite Meteor M2-2 was in configuration mode, it was “Off Axis” in relation to the Earth which resulted in this Stunning Capture of the Earths Horizon!
Click the image then expand the pop-up by clicking the small “enlarge” box in the upper right corner to see it in full resolution!

METEOR RF communications: Use of LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission) and HRIT (High Rate Information Transmission) communication standards according to WMO (World Meteorological Organization) to permit data exchange on an international level.

1X-band data transmission8025-8400 MHz
 Nominal carrier frequency8192 (T1); 8320 (T2) MHz
 Data transmission rate15.36, 30.72, 61.44, or 122.88 Mbit/s (on each channel)
 Transmitter output power10 W
 Data modulation typeRFM, DRFM (Digital Radio Frequency Memory)
2L-band data transmission1.69 – 1.71 GHz
 Nominal carrier frequency1.7 GHz
 Data transmission rate665.4 kbit/s (HRPT transmission)
 Transmitter output power5 W
 Modulation typePSK (Phase-Shift Keying)
3VHF-band data transmission137-138 MHz (MSU-MR bands in LRPT format)
 Data transmission rate80 kbit/s (LRPT transmission)
4Onboard data collection and transmission system from DCPs (Data Collection Platforms)
 No of DCPs in visibility zone, common150, < 500
 Message volume250 bit
 Data transmission rate1200 or 400 bit/s
 Location accuracy of DCP3.6 km (for one session)
 Total volume of stored data for one orbital revolution300 kByte
 Data reception frequency from DCPs401.2-402.0 MHz (UHF band)
 Data transmission from S/C to ground1690-1710 MHz (L-band)

Meteor 2-3 LRPT using SDR# DDE Tracking Client v1.2, MeteorGIS 2.25, Orbitron, and LRPT Decoder settings.

This is what I am using if it can help anyone.
Orbitron– Using the current weather.txt – Select METEOR-M2 3

In SDR# with DDE Tracking Client v1.2 under config I use these settings:
Example of Tracking DDE Client plugin Settings for Meteor-M2_3
AOS
radio_Start
radio_modulation_type
radio_center_frequency_Hz<138380050>
radio_frequency_Hz<137900000>
radio_bandwidth_Hz<120000>
send_tracking_frequency_On
M2_decoder_init_Line
M2_decoder_init_Line
PSK_set_SymbolRate
OQPSK_demodulator_Start
start_programm_Path<C:\Meteor\MeteorGIS.bat> NOTE I use a batch file to run MeteorGIS2.24 you might use MeteorGIS.exe

LOS
OQPSK_demodulator_Stop
send_tracking_frequency_Off
radio_Stop

MeteorGIS 2.24
I use my server TLE file in the M2_LRPT Decoder section
https://usradioguy.com/NOAA/M2.3_tle.txt Note that the current version of MeteorGIS will save that file as M2.2_tle.txt in your LRPT_Decoder folder. Until both meteorGIS AND LRPT Decoder are updated this will work!

This is my ini file for LRPT_Decoder:
[IN]

sat=auto

source=TCP

mode=auto

host=localhost

port=2011

[OUT]

rgb=no

rgb_q=100

mono=yes

logs=yes

APID70=yes

VCDU=yes

path=C:\Meteor\images\M2\2023\06

pathM22=C:\Meteor\images\M22\2023\06

[GLOB]

AmigoID= _(Your unique number will appear here after the first connection to the server)

mode=UDP

path=C:\AMIGOS\ShareFolder

host=185.26.115.106

port=2013

[GEO]

RoughStartTimeUTC=6/30/2023

TleFileName=C:\AMIGOS\M2.2_tle.txt

Alfa_M2=110.8

Delta_M2=32

Alfa_M22=111.2

Delta_M22=-3.2

[FAST]

FORMAT=jpg

R=1

G=2

B=3

NEW as of 9/1/2021
I have published a method to layer into Meteor GIS MODIS Fire data to display fire locations globally into Meteor imagery. You can find the instructions here: https://usradioguy.com/layering-fire-and-hotspot-date-on-meteor-sat-imagery/

Other Weather Software options

If you made it this far down my page, I am guessing you’re kind of interested in this…so Here is one more cool thing to try, even if you don’t use any SDR’s or receivers.

I tried some new (to me) open-source software to try out from the Space Science and Engineering Center a the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It’s called McIDAS-V (Man Computer Interactive Data Access System). It has some high-level capabilities, I’ve been using it for a few weeks now, trying out the hundreds of options and modeling of weather you can do.

The software is VERY CPU intensive and graphics card intensive, so DO NOT try and run it if you are running other software like WxtoImg or LRPT or MeteorGIS.

You can do 3D modeling of winds, weather, etc. I have some screen captures of this below, It also allows for animated loops of just about everything you see posted, I just did not copy my loops. Ther is a new version coming out called McIDAS-X -DO NOT download this version, it is not Open Source as of yet, and requires big $$$. My friend at SSEC says that the X version will be available in a year or so. There are three OS versions Windows, Mac and Linux. Read the system requirements to see if your computer can run it. (the 32 bit Java Runtime Environments (JRE) utilize a maximum of 1536 MB RAM, while 64 bit JREs can utilize ALL of the RAM available to the operating system (64 bit OS required).

I was able to import a NOAA 15 and A GOES image into it, but only as an image, there is a way to load up GOES raw data, but I haven’t done that as of yet. For those of you out there that can receive GOES GRB data, there is a slick GOES-R Series Ingestor package as well.   I am still experimenting with it, but feel free to try it for yourself.

NOTE: while a lot of data can be had Globally. most if not all of the radar and ground information is U.S.A related.  Ther are plenty of open-source software pieces available out there, for Europe and other areas as well.

I am NOT an expert on this. Please read the system requirement and the list of firewall port assignments for data as well! It seemed daunting, but great for experimenting!
https://www.ssec.wisc.edu/mcidas/software/v/

The following ports are used to access remote data, and must be open through any firewalls or proxies at your location:

21 – FTP
80 – WWW
112 – ADDE servers (imagery, radar, point, upper air and profiler data)
8080 – THREDDS data servers
Here are some samples of what I did with this software.

Examples of McDIAS software